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| 中国江蓠属海藻的分类研究 |
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张峻甫, 夏邦美
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中国科学院海洋研究所
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| 摘要: |
| 江蓠一名早在我国古代的《本草纲目》中就有记载。其后,各个时代的本草和某些沿海地方的县志或府志上也都有江蓠的形态、习性、产地、异名和利用等记述。虽然,我国劳动人民通过实践对江蓠积累了丰富的经验,但长时期以来。在原有的基础上没有得到进一步的提高。解放以后,在党和政府的重视和关怀下,特别是近十多年来,通过无产阶级文化大革命,我国一些科研单位和工厂先后进行了利用江蓠制造琼胶的实验并已投入生产。
江蓠是一种海产的红藻，以前国外一直是用做以石花菜制造琼胶的配料,不能单独制造琼胶。近三十年来,美国(东部)、淚大利亚、南非1)等地都已单独用当地盛产的江蓠制造琼胶,大力发展了自己的琼胶工业;其他如印度、马来西亚、非律宾和智利等国也相继研究并进行了小型生产。
我国的琼胶工业一向是用石花菜作原料,但由于石花菜藻体生长缓慢,且生长在潮下带深水处。养殖和采集都较困难,产量有限;而江蓠的藻体生长速度快,个体大,生长于潮间带或浅水中,易于人工养殖,退潮时也便于采集。我国广东省的琼胶工厂即用江蓠作为制造琼胶的原料,但因国产原料不足,外贸部门不得不从国外(葡萄牙)进口。因此,当前大规模地开展江蓠养殖是解决原料问题的关键,但我国沿岸自然生长的江蓠属种类繁多,种与种间琼胶质量都有所不同,而且还有一些与江蓠属外形相似而不含琼胶的其他属海藻也不易鉴別,这就给江蓠养殖业的大规模开展和琼胶工厂的收购原料带来了困难。过去就曾发生过把广东沿岸产的某种亚热带江蓠类移往北方养殖导致失败的事例;广东省有一琼胶工厂曾在收购的江蓠中包括了大量其他属的种类,致使制成的琼胶产品质量低劣;山东省也有一琼胶工厂曾误将褐藻门的硬球毛藻[Sphaerotrichia firma(Gep)A.D. Zinova]当作江蓠收购,造成一定的损失。因此,本文试图明确我国产的江蓠属种类、产地和种类间的区别,以便对进行江蓠琼胶实验的科学研究部门和生产单位在选择实验材料、选种养殖或收购原料时有所参考;同时,我们还试图对这一变异幅度大、种类间存在问题多的被认为是高度的多形复合类群的江蓠属通过研究探索一些江蓠属分关学上的问题。
本文研究用的江蓠属标本2)共1090号,包括少量国外江蓠标本(详见本文有关种类的讨论)腊叶标本达七千余张及相应的液浸标本;全部切面图除另有注明者外,都是以液浸标本用冰冻切片机制成切片,再以描绘器画成。尽管标本数量较大,采集地区遍及南北,但由于我国海岸线很长,采集地区仍有一定的局限性,在研究的标本中还有少量缺少生殖器官或疑难待决的标本,再加以我们虽然作了一些工作,但认识还有待于深化,今后还需要继续深入调査研究,以便随时补充修正。 |
| 关键词: 江蓠属 分类 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:中国科学院海洋研究所调查研究报告第369号 |
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| STUDIES ON CHINESE SPECIES OF GRACILARIA |
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C.F.CHANG, B.M.XIA
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Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica
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| Abstract: |
| The present paper deals with twenty four speeies of the genus Gracilaria Grev. collected from the China coast. Five of them, namely, G. articulata, G. firma, G. hainanensis, G. rubra and G. tenuistipitata are here described as new to science and described as follows. Six of them, namely, G. cacalia (J. Ag )Dawson, G. gigas Harv, G. megaspora ( Dawson )papenfuss, G minor(Sond ) Durairatnam, G salicornia (Ag )Dawson and G. sjoestedtii Kylin are found and now added to the list of the marine flora of China. The remaining thirteen species of Gracilaria, including one pecies with newly eombined name, viz., G, spinuiosa (Okam.) C.F. Chang et B. M.Xia, are credited to Chinese waters. namely, G. arcuata Zan. G. blodgettii Harv.,G.bursa-pastoris (Gmel.) Silva, G. chorda Holm, G. coronopifolia J.Ag.,G.crassa Harv., G. eucheumoides Harv, G. textorii (Sur )De-Toni,G. verrucosa (Huds. )Papenf, G. corticata J. Ag.,G. lingula J.Ag.and G. punctate (Okam.) Yamada. Among these, no specimens of the last three species are present in cur collection of Chinese marine algae. It is to be noted that the records of “G. corticata and G. lingula” are probably erroneous, but since the specimens on which these records were based are not available now, it is not possible to correct the identifications at this time. Antheridia of G. crassa and G. minor as well as tetrasporangia of G. megaspora are reported herein for the first time.
The species name Gracilaria purpurascens Harv. ex J. Agardh (1884) of Gracilariaceae is a later homonym of G. purpurascens (Huds. )Greville, a name previously and transferred to Cystoclomium by Kützing (1843).Therefore, this later homonym must be rejected. Since Rhodymenia spinulosa Okamura (1934), which was relegated to a forma of Gracilaria purpurascens (Harv.)J. Ag. by Yamada(1941), is the older, it is necessary to elevate the name as Gracilaria spinulosa (Okam. ) C. F.Chang et B. M, Xia, comb. nov. Consequently, the name G. purpurascens (Harv.) J. Ag. f. purpurascens is untenable. G. spinulosa f srilankia C F Chang et B M, Xia nom.nov.
All specimens, including the types of new species, are deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.
Of the critera which may be used in distinguishing species of Gracilaria, we have found the structure of the pericarp in the cystocarp as seen in longitudinal section to be the most satisfactory, and in this paper the decidable division of species has been based on this character. |
| Key words: Gracilaria Grev. new species |
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