| “Water Vapor Chemistry” as a new science has been developed on the basis of ultra trace analysis in our laboratory. Gu’s Function, which is derived from the analysis, shows that the trace metal ion concentration taking by the water vapor evaporated from water is positively correlated to “specific electron affinity constant” i. e. the ratio of the last ionization potential Iz to the ion valence Z; it is negatively correlated to the ion volume V and coordination number N. Gu’s Function C= f [(Iz/Z)/VN] for a bond parameter in water vapor chemistry corresponds to the potential energy function Z'e2/r in the Schrodinger Equation in quantum chemistry. For different ions with the same 2+ charge, the ion concentration of water-water vapor transference can be highly different, indication that the 2+ charge of different ions is associated with different attractive forces (hydration forces). These different attractive forces of charge can be scaled with the relative energy or charge size using Gu’s Function.
The ionization potential (Iz) and the nucleus + - e- attractive force (-Z'e2) actually show the same type of force. Different atoms have their different nucleus + - e- attractive forces and ionization potentials. When different atoms lose their electrons, their ion charge “+” energies from the nucleus+ - attractive force are different; such a difference can be expressed quantitatively by different sizes of the “+” charges. Since the “+” attractive force of the ion charge “+” is from the atomic nucleus, the ion “+” attractive force is related to the atomic number. It is also the case in the ion charge -. These are all associated with the attractive force and the problem of the balance between proton and electron in the atom and ion.
The mean ion concentration for a homogeneous distribution and constant transfer are: Zn2+, 5.0; Cd2+, 0.080; Pb2+, 0.030; Cu2+, 0.70. Bi3+, 0.18; Sn4+, 0.99 μg/L (±30%). The samples for analysis consisted of the Qinghai-Tibet plateaus snow water, the Changjiang River water, the Huanghe River Water, the China seas water, the Pacific Water and the Antarctic and Arctic polar water and snow. The natural patterns are consistent with the sea-vapor transfer model. |
