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| 海洋溢油油膜厚度影响因素理论模型的构建 |
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吴晓丹1,2,3, 宋金明1,2, 李学刚1,2, 袁华茂1,2, 张 默1,2,3
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1.中国科学院海洋研究所;2.中国科学院海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室;3.中国科学院研究生院
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| 摘要: |
| 溢油扩展过程中油膜厚度的准确获得是进行溢油量估算和损失评估中需要解决的关键科学问题, 通过揭示溢油扩展中油膜厚度的理论变化特征来获得油膜厚度随溢油性质和海洋环境条件变化的定量关系, 构建海洋溢油油膜厚度影响因素理论模型, 对溢油量估算至关重要。依据Lehr 提出的油膜椭圆扩展模型构建了油膜厚度随溢油性质和海洋环境条件变化的定量关系, 剖析了溢油扩展过程中油膜厚度的变化特征。油膜厚度在溢油发生后最初2 小时内会迅速减小, 此后衰减速度逐渐减小直至趋于稳定。对于原油来说, 通常在6～7h 内会达到最小油膜厚度, 扩展终止。溢油密度对油膜厚度的影响表现为密度大的溢油初始厚度大, 达到平衡的时间也较长; 风速对于油膜扩展的影响巨大, 风速越大越有利于油膜的扩展, 油膜厚度越小; 温度也通过影响溢油油膜密度来影响油膜厚度的变化, 一定范围内, 高温促进油膜的扩展, 加快油膜厚度的变化速度。除溢油密度、风速和温度外, 溢油方式、海流、潮汐和溢油时间等因素也会影响油膜厚度的变化。 |
| 关键词: 溢油 扩展 油膜厚度 变化特征 影响因素 |
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| 基金项目:国家海洋公益性项目(20080513); 国家海洋局海洋溢油鉴别与损害评估重点实验室开放基金(200912) |
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| Construction of theoretical model for thickness of marine oil spilled |
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WU Xiao-dan,SONG Jin-ming,LI Xue-gang,YUAN Hua-mao,ZHANG Mo
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| Abstract: |
| The exact data of oil-membrane spreading on the seasurface is the key scientific question in estimating the spilled quantity and assessing the damage. It is vital that establishing a quantitative relationship between oil slick thickness and spilled oil property as well as marine environmental conditions and constructing a theoretical model for the factors controlling thickness of marine oil spilled by revealing the variation characteristics for oil-membrane thickness. Based on the ellipse spreading model proposed by Lehr, the quantitative relationship was deduced in this article, which can analyze its variation characteristics. The result showed that thickness of oil film decreased sharply during the first two hours, and then the attenuation rate decreased gradually to a constant value. For crude oil, it needed 6～7h to reach the minimum thickness. Density of oil affected the initial thickness and extended the equilibrium time. However, wind speed had a great effect on the thickness of oil film. The higher wind speed was found to be beneficial to spreading, which made the thickness thinner. In addition, temperature influenced the variation of oil-membrane thickness by changing the density of oil spilled. Above all, higher temperature enhanced the spreading of oil spilled and speeds up the variation of oil-membrane thickness. Besides the factors of spilled oil density, wind speed and temperature, styles of oil spilled, current, tide and release time were still considered as the influence factors in the variation of oil-membrane thickness. |
| Key words: oil spill spreading oil-membrane thickness variation characteristics controlling factors |