| 摘要: |
| 综合分析了鱼类摄食生态研究的理论、方法及其应用中的诸多问题：胃含物分析法、营养生境及食物重叠、食物链与食物网、营养结构与营养级、摄食器官的形态特征与摄食行为的关系、食物选择以及生理生态因子对鱼类摄食的影响；提出了食物排序的概念、优势度指数D及其判定公式，并以此比较客观地建立了摄食生态相似的鱼类群落主次食物的划分标准；以计分法原则为基础，初步探讨了鱼类营养级的计算方法；另外分析了相似度指数Q、Simpson指数S、多样性指数H、均匀度指数J以及食物选择指数I在鱼类摄食生态研究中的应用。 |
| 关键词: 鱼类 摄食生态 理论及方法 |
| DOI： |
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| FEEDING ECOLOGY OF FISH — A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THEORIES, METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATION |
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Dou Shuozeng
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Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071
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| Abstract: |
| This paper reviews the theories, methods and application of feeding ecology of fish, and dicusses the following aspects (1) stomach contents analysis, (2) trophic niche and diet overlap, (3) food chains and food webs, (4) trophic levels, (5) criteria for principal and secondary prey taxa of fish community (6) relationships between feeding behavior and the morphological characteristics of the digestive organs (7) effects of ecological and physiological factors on the feeding selectivity of fish.
A new measure, diet dominance index (Dj). is put forward to determine the contribution of a prey to the diets of a fish community of similar feeding behavior:
Dj = (∑Pij)fj / max{(∑Pij)fj}
where Pij is the percent weight of prey j in the diet of predator i; fj is the frequency occurrence of prey j, expressed as the number of predators in whose diets prey j appears. The diet dominance index for each prey was calculated and used to classify the prey into principal prey (Dj>0.5), secondary prey (0.5>Dj>0.1) and rare prey (Dj<0.1).
Based on the point methods by former authors, a formula for trophic level of fish is suggested for discussion:
T = 1+∑(TiPi) / 100
where T is the trophic level of the predaton; Ti is the trophic level of prey i. Trophic levels of photoplankton and herbivorous zooplankton are 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Trophic levels of other carnivorous predators are estimated by the new method. Pi is the points of prey i, estimated from its contribution to the stomach contents of the predator.
Other indices such as overlap index Q, percent similarity index PSI, diversity index H, evenness index J, Simpson index S and lvlev index I are also applied to the study on the feeding ecology of fish, which is fully discussed in this paper. |
| Key words: Fish feeding ecology, Theories and methods, Applications |
