| 摘要: |
| 在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下，全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化。迄今，海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析。在生态层面，学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说，解析了生物多样性分布格局的重塑以及生物多样性中心的形成机理；其中，地质和洋流等是生物多样性分布格局形成的重要制约因素，从而形成了类似华莱士区这样具有特殊生物多样性的区域。在遗传层面，物种种内或种间频繁的基因交流和适应性辐射可以促进生物间不同基因型和表型的重新组合，衍生出更高更复杂的生物多样性水平，进而加速了生物多样性中心的形成。在分子层面，染色体进化、基因组多倍化、超级基因形成、基因复制、基因渗入、水平基因转移、遗传通路的进化和调控元件的进化等分子调控与进化机制可以引发新性状的形成和物种的多样化，从而推动生物多样性中心的形成。本文重点介绍了比较基因组学方法在揭示海洋生物多样性形成与演变的分子生物学机理方面的研究进展。对于海洋生物多样性中心形成和演变机制的深入了解，不仅可以提高我们对生物多样性动态变化理论的认知，亦可以促进海洋生物多样性保护和资源利用手段的改进和提高。 |
| 关键词: 印太交汇区 生物多样性 生态 比较基因组学 基因组加倍 超级基因 基因家族 基因渗入 |
| DOI：10.11693/hyhz20201200344 |
| 分类号:Q349+.1 |
| 基金项目:中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（B类），XDB42000000号。 |
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| ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE GENOMICS ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTOIN OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY |
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CHEN Nan-Sheng1,2,3
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1.Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;2.Functional Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China;3.Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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| Abstract: |
| Within the framework of the interactions among the Atmosphere, the Hydrosphere, the Lithosphere, and the Biosphere, the geographical center of the marine biodiversity and the composition and relative abundance of organisms is dynamic. Mechanisms underlying the formation and evolution of marine biodiversity have been explored at the ecological, genetics, and molecular levels with remarkable success. At the ecological level, multiple hypotheses was proposed, including the center of origin hypothesis, the center of accumulation hypothesis, the center of overlap hypothesis, and the center of refuge hypothesis, to explain the pattern of the center of the marine biodiversity formation and dynamic changes. The distribution of marine biodiversity may have been influenced and restrained by geographical and ocean circulations, which drove the formation of geographical patterns such as the Wallacea. At the genetics level, inter- and intra-species hybridization and adaptive radiation can facilitate the recombination of different genotypes and phenotypes, leading to the formation of new species suitable for different ecological niches, and the formation of biodiversity with increased complexity. At the molecular level, mechanisms including chromosomal fusion and fission, polyploidization, chromosome inversion and the formation of super genes, gene duplication, gene family expansion and contraction, horizontal gene transfer, changes of transcriptional elements, the formation of microRNAs can lead to the formation of novel phenotypes, thus driving the formation and alteration of biodiversity center. This review article summarized advances in research on the formation and evolution of the center of marine biodiversity applying comparative genomics approaches. Such a research not only help us understand the dynamic changes of biodiversity, but also facilitate bioconservation and effective resource exploitation. |
| Key words: Indo-Pacific Convergence Region biodiversity ecology comparative genomics genome duplication super gene gene family introgression |
