| 引用本文: | 李美慧,匡少平,霍达.水产动物对环境胁迫的应对策略[J].海洋科学,2025,49(9):1-17. |
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| 水产动物对环境胁迫的应对策略 |
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李美慧1, 匡少平1, 霍达2,3,4,5
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1.青岛科技大学环境与安全工程学院, 山东 青岛 266042;2.中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266000;3.青岛海洋科技中心海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237;4.水产品种创制与高效养殖全国重点实验室, 中国科学院海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266000;5.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
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| 摘要: |
| 气候变化正在以前所未有的广度和深度重塑水生生态系统, 驱动温度、pH、溶解氧含量等多个环境因子发生变化, 对水产动物造成诸多不利影响, 阻碍了水产养殖发展, 造成经济损失和生态环境失衡。据IPCC第6次评估报告显示, 自工业革命以来, 全球地表温度升高约1.1 ℃, 2011—2020年海洋表层温度较1850—1900年平均值升高0.88 ℃, 海洋表层pH从8.32降至8.1, 开放海洋中溶解氧含量平均减少1%~2%, 沿海低氧区缺氧现象加剧。多种环境参数的协同变化对水产动物构成的复合胁迫, 影响其各种生理机能和生长、发育、繁殖过程, 造成数量和分布的变化; 扰乱海洋碳氮磷循环, 打破海洋生态系统原有的平衡。虽然水产动物可通过调节生理、分子与行为特征在短期内缓解弱胁迫, 但自我调节能力有限, 加之气候变化的复杂性, 使其难以仅通过自身响应以抵消长期复合胁迫的累积损伤。为解决这一问题, 研究人员已提出诸多应对策略, 包括培养抗逆品系、使用新型养殖设备和模式、借助人工智能技术等, 以提高水产动物在面对环境胁迫时的抗逆能力, 降低气候变化对其造成的负面影响, 维持海洋生态系统结构和功能的稳定。尽管上述几种方法已在实际应用中取得显著成效, 但在规模化应用中仍存在一定困难。为应对目前面临的挑战, 拟进一步通过研发新型平台与系统、构建新兴养殖模式, 以及结合多种先进科技方法等提升水产养殖的应对能力。并通过建立水产动物环境胁迫分级预警制度进一步提升风险防控能力。本文综述了气候变化对水产动物的影响及其应对策略, 为水产养殖行业的可持续发展提供科学依据和实践指导。 |
| 关键词: 全球气候变化 环境胁迫 水产动物 适应策略 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:S941 |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0802202); 水产品种创制与高效养殖全国重点实验室开放课题(2025BBSA03); 山东省重大科技创新工程(2021CXGC11206); 泰山学者工程资助(tsqn202306287) |
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| Coping strategies of aquatic animals in response to environmental stress |
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LI Meihui1, KUANG Shaoping1, HUO Da2,3,4,5
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1.Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266042, China;2.Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China;3.Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China;4.State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China;5.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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| Abstract: |
| Climate change is profoundly reshaping aquatic ecosystems, driving unprecedented alterations in critical environmental factors, including temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels. These shifts exert adverse effects on aquatic animals, hindering aquaculture development and causing significant economic losses and ecological imbalances. According to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, global surface temperature has risen by approximately 1.1 ℃ since the Industrial Revolution. Specifically, from 2011 to 2020, the mean sea surface temperature exceeded the 1850–1900 average by 0.88 ℃. Concurrently, the surface ocean pH decreased from 8.32 to 8.1, dissolved oxygen in the open ocean decreased by 1%–2%, and hypoxia in coastal dead zones intensified. The synergistic fluctuations of these environmental parameters impose compound stress on aquatic animals, impairing physiological functions, growth, development, and reproductive processes. Consequently, these stressors drive shifts in population size and distribution, disrupting marine carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles and destabilizing the equilibrium of marine ecosystems. While aquatic animals can mitigate mild stressors through physiological, molecular, and behavioral adjustments, their capacity for self-regulation is limited. Intrinsic responses alone are insufficient to offset the cumulative damage from the long-term, complex compound stressors associated with climate change. To address these challenges, researchers have proposed various intervention strategies, including the cultivation of stress-resistant strains, deployment of novel equipment and operational modes, and utilization of artificial intelligence, to enhance the resilience of aquatic animals and mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. Although these approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in practical applications, challenges regarding scalability persist. Future efforts must focus on developing novel platforms, establishing emerging aquaculture models, and integrating advanced technologies to further bolster aquaculture resilience. Additionally, the implementation of graded early warning systems for environmental stress will improve risk prevention and control capabilities. This paper reviews the impacts of climate change on aquatic animals and evaluates current coping strategies, providing a scientific basis and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. |
| Key words: global climate change environmental stress aquatic animal adaptive strategy |
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